coreos-cloudinit: bump to 0.9.1

configdrive: Use the EC2 metadata over OpenStack

Documentation/cloud-config-oem.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ If no **id** field is provided, coreos-cloudinit will ignore this section.
 
 For example, the following cloud-config document...
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 coreos:
   oem:
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ coreos:
 
 ...would be rendered to the following `/etc/oem-release`:
 
-```
+```yaml
 ID=rackspace
 NAME="Rackspace Cloud Servers"
 VERSION_ID=168.0.0

Documentation/cloud-config.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Using Cloud-Config
 
-CoreOS allows you to declaratively customize various OS-level items, such as network configuration, user accounts, and systemd units. This document describes the full list of items we can configure. The `coreos-cloudinit` program uses these files as it configures the OS after startup or during runtime. 
+CoreOS allows you to declaratively customize various OS-level items, such as network configuration, user accounts, and systemd units. This document describes the full list of items we can configure. The `coreos-cloudinit` program uses these files as it configures the OS after startup or during runtime. Your cloud-config is processed during each boot.
 
 ## Configuration File
 
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ CoreOS tries to conform to each platform's native method to provide user data. E
 #### etcd
 
 The `coreos.etcd.*` parameters will be translated to a partial systemd unit acting as an etcd configuration file.
-We can use the templating feature of coreos-cloudinit to automate etcd configuration with the `$private_ipv4` and `$public_ipv4` fields. For example, the following cloud-config document...
+If the platform environment supports the templating feature of coreos-cloudinit it is possible to automate etcd configuration with the `$private_ipv4` and `$public_ipv4` fields. For example, the following cloud-config document...
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 
 coreos:
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ coreos:
 
 ...will generate a systemd unit drop-in like this:
 
-```
+```yaml
 [Service]
 Environment="ETCD_NAME=node001"
 Environment="ETCD_DISCOVERY=https://discovery.etcd.io/<token>"
@@ -68,13 +68,15 @@ Environment="ETCD_PEER_ADDR=192.0.2.13:7001"
 For more information about the available configuration parameters, see the [etcd documentation][etcd-config].
 Note that hyphens in the coreos.etcd.* keys are mapped to underscores.
 
+_Note: The `$private_ipv4` and `$public_ipv4` substitution variables referenced in other documents are only supported on Amazon EC2, Google Compute Engine, OpenStack, Rackspace, and Vagrant._
+
 [etcd-config]: https://github.com/coreos/etcd/blob/master/Documentation/configuration.md
 
 #### fleet
 
 The `coreos.fleet.*` parameters work very similarly to `coreos.etcd.*`, and allow for the configuration of fleet through environment variables. For example, the following cloud-config document...
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 
 coreos:
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ coreos:
 
 ...will generate a systemd unit drop-in like this:
 
-```
+```yaml
 [Service]
 Environment="FLEET_PUBLIC_IP=203.0.113.29"
 Environment="FLEET_METADATA=region=us-west"
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ The `reboot-strategy` parameter also affects the behaviour of [locksmith](https:
 
 ##### Example
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 coreos:
   update:
@@ -123,7 +125,9 @@ coreos:
 
 #### units
 
-The `coreos.units.*` parameters define a list of arbitrary systemd units to start. Each item is an object with the following fields:
+The `coreos.units.*` parameters define a list of arbitrary systemd units to start after booting. This feature is intended to help you start essential services required to mount storage and configure networking in order to join the CoreOS cluster. It is not intended to be a Chef/Puppet replacement.
+
+Each item is an object with the following fields:
 
 - **name**: String representing unit's name. Required.
 - **runtime**: Boolean indicating whether or not to persist the unit across reboots. This is analogous to the `--runtime` argument to `systemctl enable`. Default value is false.
@@ -138,7 +142,7 @@ The `coreos.units.*` parameters define a list of arbitrary systemd units to star
 
 Write a unit to disk, automatically starting it.
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 
 coreos:
@@ -159,7 +163,7 @@ coreos:
 
 Start the built-in `etcd` and `fleet` services:
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 
 coreos:
@@ -177,7 +181,7 @@ The `ssh_authorized_keys` parameter adds public SSH keys which will be authorize
 The keys will be named "coreos-cloudinit" by default.
 Override this by using the `--ssh-key-name` flag when calling `coreos-cloudinit`.
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 
 ssh_authorized_keys:
@@ -189,7 +193,7 @@ ssh_authorized_keys:
 The `hostname` parameter defines the system's hostname.
 This is the local part of a fully-qualified domain name (i.e. `foo` in `foo.example.com`).
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 
 hostname: coreos1
@@ -203,7 +207,7 @@ All but the `passwd` and `ssh-authorized-keys` fields will be ignored if the use
 - **name**: Required. Login name of user
 - **gecos**: GECOS comment of user
 - **passwd**: Hash of the password to use for this user
-- **homedir**: User's home directory. Defaults to /home/<name>
+- **homedir**: User's home directory. Defaults to /home/\<name\>
 - **no-create-home**: Boolean. Skip home directory creation.
 - **primary-group**: Default group for the user. Defaults to a new group created named after the user.
 - **groups**: Add user to these additional groups
@@ -222,7 +226,7 @@ The following fields are not yet implemented:
 - **selinux-user**: Corresponding SELinux user
 - **ssh-import-id**: Import SSH keys by ID from Launchpad.
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 
 users:
@@ -261,7 +265,7 @@ Using a higher number of rounds will help create more secure passwords, but give
 
 Using the `coreos-ssh-import-github` field, we can import public SSH keys from a GitHub user to use as authorized keys to a server.
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 
 users:
@@ -274,7 +278,7 @@ users:
 We can also pull public SSH keys from any HTTP endpoint which matches [GitHub's API response format](https://developer.github.com/v3/users/keys/#list-public-keys-for-a-user).
 For example, if you have an installation of GitHub Enterprise, you can provide a complete URL with an authentication token:
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 
 users:
@@ -284,7 +288,7 @@ users:
 
 You can also specify any URL whose response matches the JSON format for public keys:
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 
 users:
@@ -304,7 +308,7 @@ The `write-file` parameter defines a list of files to create on the local filesy
 Explicitly not implemented is the **encoding** attribute.
 The **content** field must represent exactly what should be written to disk.
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 write_files:
   - path: /etc/fleet/fleet.conf
@@ -321,7 +325,7 @@ Currently, the only supported value is "localhost" which will cause your system'
 to resolve to "127.0.0.1".  This is helpful when the host does not have DNS
 infrastructure in place to resolve its own hostname, for example, when using Vagrant.
 
-```
+```yaml
 #cloud-config
 
 manage_etc_hosts: localhost

Documentation/config-drive.md

@@ -14,17 +14,21 @@ The image should be a single FAT or ISO9660 file system with the label
 
 For example, to wrap up a config named `user_data` in a config drive image:
 
-    mkdir -p /tmp/new-drive/openstack/latest
-    cp user_data /tmp/new-drive/openstack/latest/user_data
-    mkisofs -R -V config-2 -o configdrive.iso /tmp/new-drive
-    rm -r /tmp/new-drive
+```sh
+mkdir -p /tmp/new-drive/openstack/latest
+cp user_data /tmp/new-drive/openstack/latest/user_data
+mkisofs -R -V config-2 -o configdrive.iso /tmp/new-drive
+rm -r /tmp/new-drive
+```
 
 ## QEMU virtfs
 
 One exception to the above, when using QEMU it is possible to skip creating an
 image and use a plain directory containing the same contents:
 
-    qemu-system-x86_64 \
+```sh
+qemu-system-x86_64 \
     -fsdev local,id=conf,security_model=none,readonly,path=/tmp/new-drive \
     -device virtio-9p-pci,fsdev=conf,mount_tag=config-2 \
     [usual qemu options here...]
+```

coreos-cloudinit.go

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	version               = "0.8.8"
+	version               = "0.9.1"
 	datasourceInterval    = 100 * time.Millisecond
 	datasourceMaxInterval = 30 * time.Second
 	datasourceTimeout     = 5 * time.Minute

datasource/configdrive.go

@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@ import (
 
 type configDrive struct {
 	root     string
+	readFile func(filename string) ([]byte, error)
 }
 
 func NewConfigDrive(root string) *configDrive {
-	return &configDrive{path.Join(root, "openstack")}
+	return &configDrive{root, ioutil.ReadFile}
 }
 
 func (cd *configDrive) IsAvailable() bool {
@@ -24,23 +25,38 @@ func (cd *configDrive) AvailabilityChanges() bool {
 }
 
 func (cd *configDrive) ConfigRoot() string {
-	return cd.root
+	return cd.openstackRoot()
 }
 
+// FetchMetadata attempts to retrieve metadata from ec2/2009-04-04/meta_data.json.
 func (cd *configDrive) FetchMetadata() ([]byte, error) {
-	return cd.readFile("meta_data.json")
+	return cd.tryReadFile(path.Join(cd.ec2Root(), "meta_data.json"))
 }
 
+// FetchUserdata attempts to retrieve the userdata from ec2/2009-04-04/user_data.
+// If no data is found, it will attempt to read from openstack/latest/user_data.
 func (cd *configDrive) FetchUserdata() ([]byte, error) {
-	return cd.readFile("user_data")
+	bytes, err := cd.tryReadFile(path.Join(cd.ec2Root(), "user_data"))
+	if bytes == nil && err == nil {
+		bytes, err = cd.tryReadFile(path.Join(cd.openstackRoot(), "user_data"))
+	}
+	return bytes, err
 }
 
 func (cd *configDrive) Type() string {
 	return "cloud-drive"
 }
 
-func (cd *configDrive) readFile(filename string) ([]byte, error) {
-	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path.Join(cd.root, "latest", filename))
+func (cd *configDrive) ec2Root() string {
+	return path.Join(cd.root, "ec2", Ec2ApiVersion)
+}
+
+func (cd *configDrive) openstackRoot() string {
+	return path.Join(cd.root, "openstack", "latest")
+}
+
+func (cd *configDrive) tryReadFile(filename string) ([]byte, error) {
+	data, err := cd.readFile(filename)
 	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		err = nil
 	}

datasource/configdrive_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+package datasource
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type mockFilesystem []string
+
+func (m mockFilesystem) readFile(filename string) ([]byte, error) {
+	for _, file := range m {
+		if file == filename {
+			return []byte(filename), nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, os.ErrNotExist
+}
+
+func TestCDFetchMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		root     string
+		filename string
+		files    mockFilesystem
+	}{
+		{
+			"/",
+			"",
+			mockFilesystem{},
+		},
+		{
+			"/",
+			"/ec2/2009-04-04/meta_data.json",
+			mockFilesystem([]string{"/ec2/2009-04-04/meta_data.json"}),
+		},
+		{
+			"/media/configdrive",
+			"/media/configdrive/ec2/2009-04-04/meta_data.json",
+			mockFilesystem([]string{"/media/configdrive/ec2/2009-04-04/meta_data.json"}),
+		},
+	} {
+		cd := configDrive{tt.root, tt.files.readFile}
+		filename, err := cd.FetchMetadata()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("bad error for %q: want %q, got %q", tt, nil, err)
+		}
+		if string(filename) != tt.filename {
+			t.Fatalf("bad path for %q: want %q, got %q", tt, tt.filename, filename)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCDFetchUserdata(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		root     string
+		filename string
+		files    mockFilesystem
+	}{
+		{
+			"/",
+			"",
+			mockFilesystem{},
+		},
+		{
+			"/",
+			"/ec2/2009-04-04/user_data",
+			mockFilesystem([]string{"/ec2/2009-04-04/user_data"}),
+		},
+		{
+			"/",
+			"/openstack/latest/user_data",
+			mockFilesystem([]string{"/openstack/latest/user_data"}),
+		},
+		{
+			"/",
+			"/ec2/2009-04-04/user_data",
+			mockFilesystem([]string{"/openstack/latest/user_data", "/ec2/2009-04-04/user_data"}),
+		},
+		{
+			"/media/configdrive",
+			"/media/configdrive/ec2/2009-04-04/user_data",
+			mockFilesystem([]string{"/media/configdrive/ec2/2009-04-04/user_data"}),
+		},
+	} {
+		cd := configDrive{tt.root, tt.files.readFile}
+		filename, err := cd.FetchUserdata()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("bad error for %q: want %q, got %q", tt, nil, err)
+		}
+		if string(filename) != tt.filename {
+			t.Fatalf("bad path for %q: want %q, got %q", tt, tt.filename, filename)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCDConfigRoot(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		root       string
+		configRoot string
+	}{
+		{
+			"/",
+			"/openstack/latest",
+		},
+		{
+			"/media/configdrive",
+			"/media/configdrive/openstack/latest",
+		},
+	} {
+		cd := configDrive{tt.root, nil}
+		if configRoot := cd.ConfigRoot(); configRoot != tt.configRoot {
+			t.Fatalf("bad config root for %q: want %q, got %q", tt, tt.configRoot, configRoot)
+		}
+	}
+}

datasource/datasource.go

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 package datasource
 
+const (
+	Ec2ApiVersion       = "2009-04-04"
+	OpenstackApiVersion = "2012-08-10"
+)
+
 type Datasource interface {
 	IsAvailable() bool
 	AvailabilityChanges() bool

datasource/metadata_service.go

@@ -22,11 +22,9 @@ import (
 
 const (
 	BaseUrl              = "http://169.254.169.254/"
-	Ec2ApiVersion        = "2009-04-04"
 	Ec2UserdataUrl       = BaseUrl + Ec2ApiVersion + "/user-data"
 	Ec2MetadataUrl       = BaseUrl + Ec2ApiVersion + "/meta-data"
-	OpenstackApiVersion  = "openstack/2012-08-10"
-	OpenstackUserdataUrl = BaseUrl + OpenstackApiVersion + "/user_data"
+	OpenstackUserdataUrl = BaseUrl + "openstack/" + OpenstackApiVersion + "/user_data"
 )
 
 type metadataService struct{}

datasource/metadata_service_test.go

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ func (t *TestHttpClient) GetRetry(url string) ([]byte, error) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestFetchAttributes(t *testing.T) {
+func TestMSFetchAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, s := range []struct {
 		metadata map[string]string
 		err      error
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func TestFetchAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestFetchAttribute(t *testing.T) {
+func TestMSFetchAttribute(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, s := range []struct {
 		metadata map[string]string
 		err      error
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func TestFetchAttribute(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestFetchMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+func TestMSFetchMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tt := range []struct {
 		metadata map[string]string
 		err      error

initialize/config.go

@@ -66,52 +66,63 @@ func warnOnUnrecognizedKeys(contents string, warn warner) {
 	}
 
 	// Check for unrecognized coreos options, if any are set
-	coreos, ok := c["coreos"]
-	if ok {
-		set := coreos.(map[interface{}]interface{})
+	if coreos, ok := c["coreos"]; ok {
+		if set, ok := coreos.(map[interface{}]interface{}); ok {
 			known := cc["coreos"].(map[interface{}]interface{})
 			for k, _ := range set {
-			key := k.(string)
+				if key, ok := k.(string); ok {
 					if _, ok := known[key]; !ok {
 						warn("Warning: unrecognized key %q in coreos section of provided cloud config - ignoring", key)
 					}
+				} else {
+					warn("Warning: unrecognized key %q in coreos section of provided cloud config - ignoring", k)
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Check for any badly-specified users, if any are set
-	users, ok := c["users"]
-	if ok {
+	if users, ok := c["users"]; ok {
 		var known map[string]interface{}
 		b, _ := goyaml.Marshal(&system.User{})
 		goyaml.Unmarshal(b, &known)
 
-		set := users.([]interface{})
+		if set, ok := users.([]interface{}); ok {
 			for _, u := range set {
-			user := u.(map[interface{}]interface{})
+				if user, ok := u.(map[interface{}]interface{}); ok {
 					for k, _ := range user {
-				key := k.(string)
+						if key, ok := k.(string); ok {
 							if _, ok := known[key]; !ok {
 								warn("Warning: unrecognized key %q in user section of cloud config - ignoring", key)
 							}
+						} else {
+							warn("Warning: unrecognized key %q in user section of cloud config - ignoring", k)
+						}
+					}
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Check for any badly-specified files, if any are set
-	files, ok := c["write_files"]
-	if ok {
+	if files, ok := c["write_files"]; ok {
 		var known map[string]interface{}
 		b, _ := goyaml.Marshal(&system.File{})
 		goyaml.Unmarshal(b, &known)
 
-		set := files.([]interface{})
+		if set, ok := files.([]interface{}); ok {
 			for _, f := range set {
-			file := f.(map[interface{}]interface{})
+				if file, ok := f.(map[interface{}]interface{}); ok {
 					for k, _ := range file {
-				key := k.(string)
+						if key, ok := k.(string); ok {
 							if _, ok := known[key]; !ok {
 								warn("Warning: unrecognized key %q in file section of cloud config - ignoring", key)
 							}
+						} else {
+							warn("Warning: unrecognized key %q in file section of cloud config - ignoring", k)
+						}
+					}
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -272,13 +283,23 @@ func Apply(cfg CloudConfig, env *Environment) error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	um := system.NewUnitManager(env.Root())
+	return processUnits(cfg.Coreos.Units, env.Root(), um)
+
+}
+
+// processUnits takes a set of Units and applies them to the given root using
+// the given UnitManager. This can involve things like writing unit files to
+// disk, masking/unmasking units, or invoking systemd
+// commands against units. It returns any error encountered.
+func processUnits(units []system.Unit, root string, um system.UnitManager) error {
 	commands := make(map[string]string, 0)
 	reload := false
-	for _, unit := range cfg.Coreos.Units {
-		dst := unit.Destination(env.Root())
+	for _, unit := range units {
+		dst := unit.Destination(root)
 		if unit.Content != "" {
 			log.Printf("Writing unit %s to filesystem at path %s", unit.Name, dst)
-			if err := system.PlaceUnit(&unit, dst); err != nil {
+			if err := um.PlaceUnit(&unit, dst); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			log.Printf("Placed unit %s at %s", unit.Name, dst)
@@ -287,12 +308,12 @@ func Apply(cfg CloudConfig, env *Environment) error {
 
 		if unit.Mask {
 			log.Printf("Masking unit file %s", unit.Name)
-			if err := system.MaskUnit(&unit, env.Root()); err != nil {
+			if err := um.MaskUnit(&unit); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		} else if unit.Runtime {
 			log.Printf("Ensuring runtime unit file %s is unmasked", unit.Name)
-			if err := system.UnmaskUnit(&unit, env.Root()); err != nil {
+			if err := um.UnmaskUnit(&unit); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
@@ -300,7 +321,7 @@ func Apply(cfg CloudConfig, env *Environment) error {
 		if unit.Enable {
 			if unit.Group() != "network" {
 				log.Printf("Enabling unit file %s", unit.Name)
-				if err := system.EnableUnitFile(unit.Name, unit.Runtime); err != nil {
+				if err := um.EnableUnitFile(unit.Name, unit.Runtime); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
 				log.Printf("Enabled unit %s", unit.Name)
@@ -317,14 +338,14 @@ func Apply(cfg CloudConfig, env *Environment) error {
 	}
 
 	if reload {
-		if err := system.DaemonReload(); err != nil {
+		if err := um.DaemonReload(); err != nil {
 			return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("failed systemd daemon-reload: %v", err))
 		}
 	}
 
 	for unit, command := range commands {
 		log.Printf("Calling unit command '%s %s'", command, unit)
-		res, err := system.RunUnitCommand(command, unit)
+		res, err := um.RunUnitCommand(command, unit)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

initialize/config_test.go

@@ -4,8 +4,38 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/coreos/coreos-cloudinit/system"
 )
 
+func TestCloudConfigInvalidKeys(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("panic while instantiating CloudConfig with nil keys: %v", r)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		contents string
+	}{
+		{"coreos:"},
+		{"ssh_authorized_keys:"},
+		{"ssh_authorized_keys:\n  -"},
+		{"ssh_authorized_keys:\n  - 0:"},
+		{"write_files:"},
+		{"write_files:\n  -"},
+		{"write_files:\n  - 0:"},
+		{"users:"},
+		{"users:\n  -"},
+		{"users:\n  - 0:"},
+	} {
+		_, err := NewCloudConfig(tt.contents)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("error instantiating CloudConfig with invalid keys: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCloudConfigUnknownKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	contents := `
 coreos: 
@@ -332,3 +362,109 @@ users:
 		t.Errorf("Failed to parse no-log-init field")
 	}
 }
+
+type TestUnitManager struct {
+	placed   []string
+	enabled  []string
+	masked   []string
+	unmasked []string
+	commands map[string]string
+	reload   bool
+}
+
+func (tum *TestUnitManager) PlaceUnit(unit *system.Unit, dst string) error {
+	tum.placed = append(tum.placed, unit.Name)
+	return nil
+}
+func (tum *TestUnitManager) EnableUnitFile(unit string, runtime bool) error {
+	tum.enabled = append(tum.enabled, unit)
+	return nil
+}
+func (tum *TestUnitManager) RunUnitCommand(command, unit string) (string, error) {
+	tum.commands = make(map[string]string)
+	tum.commands[unit] = command
+	return "", nil
+}
+func (tum *TestUnitManager) DaemonReload() error {
+	tum.reload = true
+	return nil
+}
+func (tum *TestUnitManager) MaskUnit(unit *system.Unit) error {
+	tum.masked = append(tum.masked, unit.Name)
+	return nil
+}
+func (tum *TestUnitManager) UnmaskUnit(unit *system.Unit) error {
+	tum.unmasked = append(tum.unmasked, unit.Name)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestProcessUnits(t *testing.T) {
+	tum := &TestUnitManager{}
+	units := []system.Unit{
+		system.Unit{
+			Name: "foo",
+			Mask: true,
+		},
+	}
+	if err := processUnits(units, "", tum); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error calling processUnits: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(tum.masked) != 1 || tum.masked[0] != "foo" {
+		t.Errorf("expected foo to be masked, but found %v", tum.masked)
+	}
+
+	tum = &TestUnitManager{}
+	units = []system.Unit{
+		system.Unit{
+			Name: "bar.network",
+		},
+	}
+	if err := processUnits(units, "", tum); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error calling processUnits: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, ok := tum.commands["systemd-networkd.service"]; !ok {
+		t.Errorf("expected systemd-networkd.service to be reloaded!")
+	}
+
+	tum = &TestUnitManager{}
+	units = []system.Unit{
+		system.Unit{
+			Name:    "baz.service",
+			Content: "[Service]\nExecStart=/bin/true",
+		},
+	}
+	if err := processUnits(units, "", tum); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error calling processUnits: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(tum.placed) != 1 || tum.placed[0] != "baz.service" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected baz.service to be written, but got %v", tum.placed)
+	}
+
+	tum = &TestUnitManager{}
+	units = []system.Unit{
+		system.Unit{
+			Name:    "locksmithd.service",
+			Runtime: true,
+		},
+	}
+	if err := processUnits(units, "", tum); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error calling processUnits: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(tum.unmasked) != 1 || tum.unmasked[0] != "locksmithd.service" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected locksmithd.service to be unmasked, but got %v", tum.unmasked)
+	}
+
+	tum = &TestUnitManager{}
+	units = []system.Unit{
+		system.Unit{
+			Name:   "woof",
+			Enable: true,
+		},
+	}
+	if err := processUnits(units, "", tum); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error calling processUnits: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(tum.enabled) != 1 || tum.enabled[0] != "woof" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected woof to be enabled, but got %v", tum.enabled)
+	}
+}

initialize/etcd_test.go

@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ func TestEtcdEnvironmentWrittenToDisk(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
+	sd := system.NewUnitManager(dir)
+
 	uu, err := ee.Units(dir)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Generating etcd unit failed: %v", err)
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ func TestEtcdEnvironmentWrittenToDisk(t *testing.T) {
 
 	dst := u.Destination(dir)
 	os.Stderr.WriteString("writing to " + dir + "\n")
-	if err := system.PlaceUnit(&u, dst); err != nil {
+	if err := sd.PlaceUnit(&u, dst); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Writing of EtcdEnvironment failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -119,6 +121,8 @@ func TestEtcdEnvironmentWrittenToDiskDefaultToMachineID(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
+	sd := system.NewUnitManager(dir)
+
 	os.Mkdir(path.Join(dir, "etc"), os.FileMode(0755))
 	err = ioutil.WriteFile(path.Join(dir, "etc", "machine-id"), []byte("node007"), os.FileMode(0444))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -136,7 +140,7 @@ func TestEtcdEnvironmentWrittenToDiskDefaultToMachineID(t *testing.T) {
 
 	dst := u.Destination(dir)
 	os.Stderr.WriteString("writing to " + dir + "\n")
-	if err := system.PlaceUnit(&u, dst); err != nil {
+	if err := sd.PlaceUnit(&u, dst); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Writing of EtcdEnvironment failed: %v", err)
 	}
 

network/interface.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package network
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 )
 
 type InterfaceGenerator interface {
@@ -11,6 +12,8 @@ type InterfaceGenerator interface {
 	Netdev() string
 	Link() string
 	Network() string
+	Type() string
+	ModprobeParams() string
 }
 
 type networkInterface interface {
@@ -68,6 +71,10 @@ func (i *logicalInterface) Children() []networkInterface {
 	return i.children
 }
 
+func (i *logicalInterface) ModprobeParams() string {
+	return ""
+}
+
 func (i *logicalInterface) setConfigDepth(depth int) {
 	i.configDepth = depth
 }
@@ -84,9 +91,14 @@ func (p *physicalInterface) Netdev() string {
 	return ""
 }
 
+func (p *physicalInterface) Type() string {
+	return "physical"
+}
+
 type bondInterface struct {
 	logicalInterface
 	slaves  []string
+	options map[string]string
 }
 
 func (b *bondInterface) Name() string {
@@ -97,6 +109,19 @@ func (b *bondInterface) Netdev() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("[NetDev]\nKind=bond\nName=%s\n", b.name)
 }
 
+func (b *bondInterface) Type() string {
+	return "bond"
+}
+
+func (b *bondInterface) ModprobeParams() string {
+	params := ""
+	for name, val := range b.options {
+		params += fmt.Sprintf("%s=%s ", name, val)
+	}
+	params = strings.TrimSuffix(params, " ")
+	return params
+}
+
 type vlanInterface struct {
 	logicalInterface
 	id        int
@@ -123,6 +148,10 @@ func (v *vlanInterface) Netdev() string {
 	return config
 }
 
+func (v *vlanInterface) Type() string {
+	return "vlan"
+}
+
 func buildInterfaces(stanzas []*stanzaInterface) []InterfaceGenerator {
 	interfaceMap := createInterfaces(stanzas)
 	linkAncestors(interfaceMap)
@@ -141,15 +170,22 @@ func createInterfaces(stanzas []*stanzaInterface) map[string]networkInterface {
 	for _, iface := range stanzas {
 		switch iface.kind {
 		case interfaceBond:
+			bondOptions := make(map[string]string)
+			for _, k := range []string{"mode", "miimon", "lacp-rate"} {
+				if v, ok := iface.options["bond-"+k]; ok && len(v) > 0 {
+					bondOptions[k] = v[0]
+				}
+			}
 			interfaceMap[iface.name] = &bondInterface{
 				logicalInterface{
 					name:     iface.name,
 					config:   iface.configMethod,
 					children: []networkInterface{},
 				},
-				iface.options["slaves"],
+				iface.options["bond-slaves"],
+				bondOptions,
 			}
-			for _, slave := range iface.options["slaves"] {
+			for _, slave := range iface.options["bond-slaves"] {
 				if _, ok := interfaceMap[slave]; !ok {
 					interfaceMap[slave] = &physicalInterface{
 						logicalInterface{
@@ -241,13 +277,17 @@ func markConfigDepths(interfaceMap map[string]networkInterface) {
 		}
 	}
 	for _, iface := range rootInterfaceMap {
-		setDepth(iface, 0)
+		setDepth(iface)
 	}
 }
 
-func setDepth(iface networkInterface, depth int) {
-	iface.setConfigDepth(depth)
+func setDepth(iface networkInterface) int {
+	maxDepth := 0
 	for _, child := range iface.Children() {
-		setDepth(child, depth+1)
+		if depth := setDepth(child); depth > maxDepth {
+			maxDepth = depth
 		}
+	}
+	iface.setConfigDepth(maxDepth)
+	return (maxDepth + 1)
 }

network/interface_test.go

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ func TestPhysicalInterfaceNetwork(t *testing.T) {
 					name: "testbond1",
 				},
 				nil,
+				nil,
 			},
 			&vlanInterface{
 				logicalInterface{
@@ -67,14 +68,14 @@ VLAN=testvlan2
 }
 
 func TestBondInterfaceName(t *testing.T) {
-	b := bondInterface{logicalInterface{name: "testname"}, nil}
+	b := bondInterface{logicalInterface{name: "testname"}, nil, nil}
 	if b.Name() != "testname" {
 		t.FailNow()
 	}
 }
 
 func TestBondInterfaceNetdev(t *testing.T) {
-	b := bondInterface{logicalInterface{name: "testname"}, nil}
+	b := bondInterface{logicalInterface{name: "testname"}, nil, nil}
 	netdev := `[NetDev]
 Kind=bond
 Name=testname
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@ func TestBondInterfaceNetwork(t *testing.T) {
 						name: "testbond1",
 					},
 					nil,
+					nil,
 				},
 				&vlanInterface{
 					logicalInterface{
@@ -120,6 +122,7 @@ func TestBondInterfaceNetwork(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		nil,
+		nil,
 	}
 	network := `[Match]
 Name=testname
@@ -218,6 +221,61 @@ Gateway=1.2.3.4
 	}
 }
 
+func TestType(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		i InterfaceGenerator
+		t string
+	}{
+		{
+			i: &physicalInterface{},
+			t: "physical",
+		},
+		{
+			i: &vlanInterface{},
+			t: "vlan",
+		},
+		{
+			i: &bondInterface{},
+			t: "bond",
+		},
+	} {
+		if tp := tt.i.Type(); tp != tt.t {
+			t.Fatalf("bad type (%q): got %s, want %s", tt.i, tp, tt.t)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestModprobeParams(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		i InterfaceGenerator
+		p string
+	}{
+		{
+			i: &physicalInterface{},
+			p: "",
+		},
+		{
+			i: &vlanInterface{},
+			p: "",
+		},
+		{
+			i: &bondInterface{
+				logicalInterface{},
+				nil,
+				map[string]string{
+					"a": "1",
+					"b": "2",
+				},
+			},
+			p: "a=1 b=2",
+		},
+	} {
+		if p := tt.i.ModprobeParams(); p != tt.p {
+			t.Fatalf("bad params (%q): got %s, want %s", tt.i, p, tt.p)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestBuildInterfacesLo(t *testing.T) {
 	stanzas := []*stanzaInterface{
 		&stanzaInterface{
@@ -242,7 +300,7 @@ func TestBuildInterfacesBlindBond(t *testing.T) {
 			auto:         false,
 			configMethod: configMethodManual{},
 			options: map[string][]string{
-				"slaves": []string{"eth0"},
+				"bond-slaves": []string{"eth0"},
 			},
 		},
 	}
@@ -252,16 +310,17 @@ func TestBuildInterfacesBlindBond(t *testing.T) {
 			name:        "bond0",
 			config:      configMethodManual{},
 			children:    []networkInterface{},
-			configDepth: 1,
+			configDepth: 0,
 		},
 		[]string{"eth0"},
+		map[string]string{},
 	}
 	eth0 := &physicalInterface{
 		logicalInterface{
 			name:        "eth0",
 			config:      configMethodManual{},
 			children:    []networkInterface{bond0},
-			configDepth: 0,
+			configDepth: 1,
 		},
 	}
 	expect := []InterfaceGenerator{bond0, eth0}
@@ -289,7 +348,7 @@ func TestBuildInterfacesBlindVLAN(t *testing.T) {
 			name:        "vlan0",
 			config:      configMethodManual{},
 			children:    []networkInterface{},
-			configDepth: 1,
+			configDepth: 0,
 		},
 		0,
 		"eth0",
@@ -299,7 +358,7 @@ func TestBuildInterfacesBlindVLAN(t *testing.T) {
 			name:        "eth0",
 			config:      configMethodManual{},
 			children:    []networkInterface{vlan0},
-			configDepth: 0,
+			configDepth: 1,
 		},
 	}
 	expect := []InterfaceGenerator{eth0, vlan0}
@@ -323,7 +382,9 @@ func TestBuildInterfaces(t *testing.T) {
 			auto:         false,
 			configMethod: configMethodManual{},
 			options: map[string][]string{
-				"slaves": []string{"eth0"},
+				"bond-slaves": []string{"eth0"},
+				"bond-mode":   []string{"4"},
+				"bond-miimon": []string{"100"},
 			},
 		},
 		&stanzaInterface{
@@ -332,7 +393,7 @@ func TestBuildInterfaces(t *testing.T) {
 			auto:         false,
 			configMethod: configMethodManual{},
 			options: map[string][]string{
-				"slaves": []string{"bond0"},
+				"bond-slaves": []string{"bond0"},
 			},
 		},
 		&stanzaInterface{
@@ -362,7 +423,7 @@ func TestBuildInterfaces(t *testing.T) {
 			name:        "vlan1",
 			config:      configMethodManual{},
 			children:    []networkInterface{},
-			configDepth: 2,
+			configDepth: 0,
 		},
 		1,
 		"bond0",
@@ -372,7 +433,7 @@ func TestBuildInterfaces(t *testing.T) {
 			name:        "vlan0",
 			config:      configMethodManual{},
 			children:    []networkInterface{},
-			configDepth: 1,
+			configDepth: 0,
 		},
 		0,
 		"eth0",
@@ -382,9 +443,10 @@ func TestBuildInterfaces(t *testing.T) {
 			name:        "bond1",
 			config:      configMethodManual{},
 			children:    []networkInterface{},
-			configDepth: 2,
+			configDepth: 0,
 		},
 		[]string{"bond0"},
+		map[string]string{},
 	}
 	bond0 := &bondInterface{
 		logicalInterface{
@@ -394,13 +456,17 @@ func TestBuildInterfaces(t *testing.T) {
 			configDepth: 1,
 		},
 		[]string{"eth0"},
+		map[string]string{
+			"mode":   "4",
+			"miimon": "100",
+		},
 	}
 	eth0 := &physicalInterface{
 		logicalInterface{
 			name:        "eth0",
 			config:      configMethodManual{},
 			children:    []networkInterface{bond0, vlan0},
-			configDepth: 0,
+			configDepth: 2,
 		},
 	}
 	expect := []InterfaceGenerator{eth0, bond0, bond1, vlan0, vlan1}

network/stanza.go

@@ -293,7 +293,6 @@ func parseHwaddress(options map[string][]string, iface string) (net.HardwareAddr
 }
 
 func parseBondStanza(iface string, conf configMethod, attributes []string, options map[string][]string) (*stanzaInterface, error) {
-	options["slaves"] = options["bond-slaves"]
 	return &stanzaInterface{name: iface, kind: interfaceBond, configMethod: conf, options: options}, nil
 }
 

network/stanza_test.go

@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func TestParseBondStanzaNoSlaves(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.FailNow()
 	}
-	if bond.options["slaves"] != nil {
+	if bond.options["bond-slaves"] != nil {
 		t.FailNow()
 	}
 }
@@ -152,9 +152,6 @@ func TestParseBondStanza(t *testing.T) {
 	if bond.configMethod != conf {
 		t.FailNow()
 	}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(bond.options["slaves"], options["bond-slaves"]) {
-		t.FailNow()
-	}
 }
 
 func TestParsePhysicalStanza(t *testing.T) {

system/env_file_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"strings"
+	"syscall"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -41,6 +42,11 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 	fullPath := path.Join(dir, name)
 	ioutil.WriteFile(fullPath, []byte(base), 0644)
 
+	oldStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	ef := EnvFile{
 		File: &File{
 			Path: name,
@@ -61,6 +67,15 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 	if string(contents) != expectUpdate {
 		t.Fatalf("File has incorrect contents: %q", contents)
 	}
+
+	newStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if oldStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino == newStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino {
+		t.Fatalf("File was not replaced: %s", fullPath)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestWriteEnvFileUpdateNoNewline(t *testing.T) {
@@ -74,6 +89,11 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileUpdateNoNewline(t *testing.T) {
 	fullPath := path.Join(dir, name)
 	ioutil.WriteFile(fullPath, []byte(baseNoNewline), 0644)
 
+	oldStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	ef := EnvFile{
 		File: &File{
 			Path: name,
@@ -94,6 +114,15 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileUpdateNoNewline(t *testing.T) {
 	if string(contents) != expectUpdate {
 		t.Fatalf("File has incorrect contents: %q", contents)
 	}
+
+	newStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if oldStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino == newStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino {
+		t.Fatalf("File was not replaced: %s", fullPath)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestWriteEnvFileCreate(t *testing.T) {
@@ -141,7 +170,7 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileNoop(t *testing.T) {
 
 	oldStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	ef := EnvFile{
@@ -167,11 +196,11 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileNoop(t *testing.T) {
 
 	newStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if oldStat.ModTime() != newStat.ModTime() {
-		t.Fatal("File mtime changed.")
+	if oldStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino != newStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino {
+		t.Fatalf("File was replaced: %s", fullPath)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -186,6 +215,11 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileUpdateDos(t *testing.T) {
 	fullPath := path.Join(dir, name)
 	ioutil.WriteFile(fullPath, []byte(baseDos), 0644)
 
+	oldStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	ef := EnvFile{
 		File: &File{
 			Path: name,
@@ -206,6 +240,15 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileUpdateDos(t *testing.T) {
 	if string(contents) != expectUpdate {
 		t.Fatalf("File has incorrect contents: %q", contents)
 	}
+
+	newStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if oldStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino == newStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino {
+		t.Fatalf("File was not replaced: %s", fullPath)
+	}
 }
 
 // A middle ground noop, values are unchanged but we did have a value.
@@ -223,7 +266,7 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileDos2Unix(t *testing.T) {
 
 	oldStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	ef := EnvFile{
@@ -249,11 +292,11 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileDos2Unix(t *testing.T) {
 
 	newStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if oldStat.ModTime() != newStat.ModTime() {
-		t.Fatal("File mtime changed.")
+	if oldStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino == newStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino {
+		t.Fatalf("File was not replaced: %s", fullPath)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -271,7 +314,7 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 
 	oldStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	ef := EnvFile{
@@ -297,11 +340,11 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 
 	newStat, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Unable to stat file: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if oldStat.ModTime() != newStat.ModTime() {
-		t.Fatal("File mtime changed.")
+	if oldStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino != newStat.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino {
+		t.Fatalf("File was replaced: %s", fullPath)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -368,8 +411,6 @@ func TestWriteEnvFileNameFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	name := "foo.conf"
-	fullPath := path.Join(dir, name)
-	ioutil.WriteFile(fullPath, []byte(base), 0000)
 
 	ef := EnvFile{
 		File: &File{

system/networkd.go

@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ package system
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"log"
 	"net"
 	"os/exec"
-	"path"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/coreos/coreos-cloudinit/network"
 	"github.com/coreos/coreos-cloudinit/third_party/github.com/dotcloud/docker/pkg/netlink"
@@ -17,6 +18,13 @@ const (
 
 func RestartNetwork(interfaces []network.InterfaceGenerator) (err error) {
 	defer func() {
+		if e := restartNetworkd(); e != nil {
+			err = e
+			return
+		}
+		// TODO(crawford): Get rid of this once networkd fixes the race
+		// https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=76077
+		time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
 		if e := restartNetworkd(); e != nil {
 			err = e
 		}
@@ -26,19 +34,18 @@ func RestartNetwork(interfaces []network.InterfaceGenerator) (err error) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err = probe8012q(); err != nil {
+	if err = maybeProbe8012q(interfaces); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
-	return
+	return maybeProbeBonding(interfaces)
 }
 
 func downNetworkInterfaces(interfaces []network.InterfaceGenerator) error {
 	sysInterfaceMap := make(map[string]*net.Interface)
 	if systemInterfaces, err := net.Interfaces(); err == nil {
 		for _, iface := range systemInterfaces {
-			// Need a copy of the interface so we can take the address
-			temp := iface
-			sysInterfaceMap[temp.Name] = &temp
+			iface := iface
+			sysInterfaceMap[iface.Name] = &iface
 		}
 	} else {
 		return err
@@ -46,6 +53,7 @@ func downNetworkInterfaces(interfaces []network.InterfaceGenerator) error {
 
 	for _, iface := range interfaces {
 		if systemInterface, ok := sysInterfaceMap[iface.Name()]; ok {
+			log.Printf("Taking down interface %q\n", systemInterface.Name)
 			if err := netlink.NetworkLinkDown(systemInterface); err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("Error while downing interface %q (%s). Continuing...\n", systemInterface.Name, err)
 			}
@@ -55,26 +63,45 @@ func downNetworkInterfaces(interfaces []network.InterfaceGenerator) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func probe8012q() error {
+func maybeProbe8012q(interfaces []network.InterfaceGenerator) error {
+	for _, iface := range interfaces {
+		if iface.Type() == "vlan" {
+			log.Printf("Probing LKM %q (%q)\n", "8021q", "8021q")
 			return exec.Command("modprobe", "8021q").Run()
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func maybeProbeBonding(interfaces []network.InterfaceGenerator) error {
+	args := []string{"bonding"}
+	for _, iface := range interfaces {
+		if iface.Type() == "bond" {
+			args = append(args, strings.Split(iface.ModprobeParams(), " ")...)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	log.Printf("Probing LKM %q (%q)\n", "bonding", args)
+	return exec.Command("modprobe", args...).Run()
 }
 
 func restartNetworkd() error {
-	_, err := RunUnitCommand("restart", "systemd-networkd.service")
+	log.Printf("Restarting networkd.service\n")
+	_, err := NewUnitManager("").RunUnitCommand("restart", "systemd-networkd.service")
 	return err
 }
 
 func WriteNetworkdConfigs(interfaces []network.InterfaceGenerator) error {
 	for _, iface := range interfaces {
-		filename := path.Join(runtimeNetworkPath, fmt.Sprintf("%s.netdev", iface.Filename()))
+		filename := fmt.Sprintf("%s.netdev", iface.Filename())
 		if err := writeConfig(filename, iface.Netdev()); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		filename = path.Join(runtimeNetworkPath, fmt.Sprintf("%s.link", iface.Filename()))
+		filename = fmt.Sprintf("%s.link", iface.Filename())
 		if err := writeConfig(filename, iface.Link()); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		filename = path.Join(runtimeNetworkPath, fmt.Sprintf("%s.network", iface.Filename()))
+		filename = fmt.Sprintf("%s.network", iface.Filename())
 		if err := writeConfig(filename, iface.Network()); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -86,6 +113,7 @@ func writeConfig(filename string, config string) error {
 	if config == "" {
 		return nil
 	}
-
-	return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, []byte(config), 0444)
+	log.Printf("Writing networkd unit %q\n", filename)
+	_, err := WriteFile(&File{Content: config, Path: filename}, runtimeNetworkPath)
+	return err
 }

system/systemd.go

@@ -13,63 +13,21 @@ import (
 	"github.com/coreos/coreos-cloudinit/third_party/github.com/coreos/go-systemd/dbus"
 )
 
+func NewUnitManager(root string) UnitManager {
+	return &systemd{root}
+}
+
+type systemd struct {
+	root string
+}
+
 // fakeMachineID is placed on non-usr CoreOS images and should
 // never be used as a true MachineID
 const fakeMachineID = "42000000000000000000000000000042"
 
-// Name for drop-in service configuration files created by cloudconfig
-const cloudConfigDropIn = "20-cloudinit.conf"
-
-type Unit struct {
-	Name    string
-	Mask    bool
-	Enable  bool
-	Runtime bool
-	Content string
-	Command string
-
-	// For drop-in units, a cloudinit.conf is generated.
-	// This is currently unbound in YAML (and hence unsettable in cloud-config files)
-	// until the correct behaviour for multiple drop-in units is determined.
-	DropIn bool `yaml:"-"`
-}
-
-func (u *Unit) Type() string {
-	ext := filepath.Ext(u.Name)
-	return strings.TrimLeft(ext, ".")
-}
-
-func (u *Unit) Group() (group string) {
-	t := u.Type()
-	if t == "network" || t == "netdev" || t == "link" {
-		group = "network"
-	} else {
-		group = "system"
-	}
-	return
-}
-
-type Script []byte
-
-// Destination builds the appropriate absolute file path for
-// the Unit. The root argument indicates the effective base
-// directory of the system (similar to a chroot).
-func (u *Unit) Destination(root string) string {
-	dir := "etc"
-	if u.Runtime {
-		dir = "run"
-	}
-
-	if u.DropIn {
-		return path.Join(root, dir, "systemd", u.Group(), fmt.Sprintf("%s.d", u.Name), cloudConfigDropIn)
-	} else {
-		return path.Join(root, dir, "systemd", u.Group(), u.Name)
-	}
-}
-
 // PlaceUnit writes a unit file at the provided destination, creating
 // parent directories as necessary.
-func PlaceUnit(u *Unit, dst string) error {
+func (s *systemd) PlaceUnit(u *Unit, dst string) error {
 	dir := filepath.Dir(dst)
 	if _, err := os.Stat(dir); os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, os.FileMode(0755)); err != nil {
@@ -91,7 +49,7 @@ func PlaceUnit(u *Unit, dst string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func EnableUnitFile(unit string, runtime bool) error {
+func (s *systemd) EnableUnitFile(unit string, runtime bool) error {
 	conn, err := dbus.New()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -102,7 +60,7 @@ func EnableUnitFile(unit string, runtime bool) error {
 	return err
 }
 
-func RunUnitCommand(command, unit string) (string, error) {
+func (s *systemd) RunUnitCommand(command, unit string) (string, error) {
 	conn, err := dbus.New()
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
@@ -131,7 +89,7 @@ func RunUnitCommand(command, unit string) (string, error) {
 	return fn(unit, "replace")
 }
 
-func DaemonReload() error {
+func (s *systemd) DaemonReload() error {
 	conn, err := dbus.New()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -140,6 +98,57 @@ func DaemonReload() error {
 	return conn.Reload()
 }
 
+// MaskUnit masks the given Unit by symlinking its unit file to
+// /dev/null, analogous to `systemctl mask`.
+// N.B.: Unlike `systemctl mask`, this function will *remove any existing unit
+// file at the location*, to ensure that the mask will succeed.
+func (s *systemd) MaskUnit(unit *Unit) error {
+	masked := unit.Destination(s.root)
+	if _, err := os.Stat(masked); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(path.Dir(masked), os.FileMode(0755)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else if err := os.Remove(masked); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return os.Symlink("/dev/null", masked)
+}
+
+// UnmaskUnit is analogous to systemd's unit_file_unmask. If the file
+// associated with the given Unit is empty or appears to be a symlink to
+// /dev/null, it is removed.
+func (s *systemd) UnmaskUnit(unit *Unit) error {
+	masked := unit.Destination(s.root)
+	ne, err := nullOrEmpty(masked)
+	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !ne {
+		log.Printf("%s is not null or empty, refusing to unmask", masked)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return os.Remove(masked)
+}
+
+// nullOrEmpty checks whether a given path appears to be an empty regular file
+// or a symlink to /dev/null
+func nullOrEmpty(path string) (bool, error) {
+	fi, err := os.Stat(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	m := fi.Mode()
+	if m.IsRegular() && fi.Size() <= 0 {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+	if m&os.ModeCharDevice > 0 {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
 func ExecuteScript(scriptPath string) (string, error) {
 	props := []dbus.Property{
 		dbus.PropDescription("Unit generated and executed by coreos-cloudinit on behalf of user"),
@@ -178,54 +187,3 @@ func MachineID(root string) string {
 
 	return id
 }
-
-// MaskUnit masks the given Unit by symlinking its unit file to
-// /dev/null, analogous to `systemctl mask`.
-// N.B.: Unlike `systemctl mask`, this function will *remove any existing unit
-// file at the location*, to ensure that the mask will succeed.
-func MaskUnit(unit *Unit, root string) error {
-	masked := unit.Destination(root)
-	if _, err := os.Stat(masked); os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		if err := os.MkdirAll(path.Dir(masked), os.FileMode(0755)); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	} else if err := os.Remove(masked); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return os.Symlink("/dev/null", masked)
-}
-
-// UnmaskUnit is analogous to systemd's unit_file_unmask. If the file
-// associated with the given Unit is empty or appears to be a symlink to
-// /dev/null, it is removed.
-func UnmaskUnit(unit *Unit, root string) error {
-	masked := unit.Destination(root)
-	ne, err := nullOrEmpty(masked)
-	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return nil
-	} else if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if !ne {
-		log.Printf("%s is not null or empty, refusing to unmask", masked)
-		return nil
-	}
-	return os.Remove(masked)
-}
-
-// nullOrEmpty checks whether a given path appears to be an empty regular file
-// or a symlink to /dev/null
-func nullOrEmpty(path string) (bool, error) {
-	fi, err := os.Stat(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-	m := fi.Mode()
-	if m.IsRegular() && fi.Size() <= 0 {
-		return true, nil
-	}
-	if m&os.ModeCharDevice > 0 {
-		return true, nil
-	}
-	return false, nil
-}

system/systemd_test.go

@@ -25,13 +25,15 @@ Address=10.209.171.177/19
 	}
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
+	sd := &systemd{dir}
+
 	dst := u.Destination(dir)
 	expectDst := path.Join(dir, "run", "systemd", "network", "50-eth0.network")
 	if dst != expectDst {
 		t.Fatalf("unit.Destination returned %s, expected %s", dst, expectDst)
 	}
 
-	if err := PlaceUnit(&u, dst); err != nil {
+	if err := sd.PlaceUnit(&u, dst); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("PlaceUnit failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -100,13 +102,15 @@ Where=/media/state
 	}
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
+	sd := &systemd{dir}
+
 	dst := u.Destination(dir)
 	expectDst := path.Join(dir, "etc", "systemd", "system", "media-state.mount")
 	if dst != expectDst {
 		t.Fatalf("unit.Destination returned %s, expected %s", dst, expectDst)
 	}
 
-	if err := PlaceUnit(&u, dst); err != nil {
+	if err := sd.PlaceUnit(&u, dst); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("PlaceUnit failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -155,9 +159,11 @@ func TestMaskUnit(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
+	sd := &systemd{dir}
+
 	// Ensure mask works with units that do not currently exist
 	uf := &Unit{Name: "foo.service"}
-	if err := MaskUnit(uf, dir); err != nil {
+	if err := sd.MaskUnit(uf); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Unable to mask new unit: %v", err)
 	}
 	fooPath := path.Join(dir, "etc", "systemd", "system", "foo.service")
@@ -175,7 +181,7 @@ func TestMaskUnit(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, err := os.Create(barPath); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Error creating new unit file: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := MaskUnit(ub, dir); err != nil {
+	if err := sd.MaskUnit(ub); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Unable to mask existing unit: %v", err)
 	}
 	barTgt, err := os.Readlink(barPath)
@@ -194,8 +200,10 @@ func TestUnmaskUnit(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
+	sd := &systemd{dir}
+
 	nilUnit := &Unit{Name: "null.service"}
-	if err := UnmaskUnit(nilUnit, dir); err != nil {
+	if err := sd.UnmaskUnit(nilUnit); err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("unexpected error from unmasking nonexistent unit: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -211,7 +219,7 @@ func TestUnmaskUnit(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(dst, []byte(uf.Content), 700); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Unable to write unit file: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := UnmaskUnit(uf, dir); err != nil {
+	if err := sd.UnmaskUnit(uf); err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("unmask of non-empty unit returned unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
 	got, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(dst)
@@ -224,7 +232,7 @@ func TestUnmaskUnit(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := os.Symlink("/dev/null", dst); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Unable to create masked unit: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := UnmaskUnit(ub, dir); err != nil {
+	if err := sd.UnmaskUnit(ub); err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("unmask of unit returned unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
 	if _, err := os.Stat(dst); !os.IsNotExist(err) {

system/unit.go

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package system
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Name for drop-in service configuration files created by cloudconfig
+const cloudConfigDropIn = "20-cloudinit.conf"
+
+type UnitManager interface {
+	PlaceUnit(unit *Unit, dst string) error
+	EnableUnitFile(unit string, runtime bool) error
+	RunUnitCommand(command, unit string) (string, error)
+	DaemonReload() error
+	MaskUnit(unit *Unit) error
+	UnmaskUnit(unit *Unit) error
+}
+
+type Unit struct {
+	Name    string
+	Mask    bool
+	Enable  bool
+	Runtime bool
+	Content string
+	Command string
+
+	// For drop-in units, a cloudinit.conf is generated.
+	// This is currently unbound in YAML (and hence unsettable in cloud-config files)
+	// until the correct behaviour for multiple drop-in units is determined.
+	DropIn bool `yaml:"-"`
+}
+
+func (u *Unit) Type() string {
+	ext := filepath.Ext(u.Name)
+	return strings.TrimLeft(ext, ".")
+}
+
+func (u *Unit) Group() (group string) {
+	t := u.Type()
+	if t == "network" || t == "netdev" || t == "link" {
+		group = "network"
+	} else {
+		group = "system"
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+type Script []byte
+
+// Destination builds the appropriate absolute file path for
+// the Unit. The root argument indicates the effective base
+// directory of the system (similar to a chroot).
+func (u *Unit) Destination(root string) string {
+	dir := "etc"
+	if u.Runtime {
+		dir = "run"
+	}
+
+	if u.DropIn {
+		return path.Join(root, dir, "systemd", u.Group(), fmt.Sprintf("%s.d", u.Name), cloudConfigDropIn)
+	} else {
+		return path.Join(root, dir, "systemd", u.Group(), u.Name)
+	}
+}