events: implement package with memory & nats streams (#1942)

This commit is contained in:
ben-toogood
2020-08-18 16:19:53 +01:00
committed by GitHub
parent 19ef225b2f
commit 21cca297c0
10 changed files with 1008 additions and 13 deletions

46
events/events.go Normal file
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// Package events contains interfaces for managing events within distributed systems
package events
import (
"encoding/json"
"errors"
"time"
)
var (
// ErrMissingTopic is returned if a blank topic was provided to publish
ErrMissingTopic = errors.New("Missing topic")
// ErrEncodingMessage is returned from publish if there was an error encoding the message option
ErrEncodingMessage = errors.New("Error encoding message")
)
// Stream of events
type Stream interface {
Publish(topic string, opts ...PublishOption) error
Subscribe(opts ...SubscribeOption) (<-chan Event, error)
}
// Store of events
type Store interface {
Read(opts ...ReadOption) ([]*Event, error)
Write(event *Event, opts ...WriteOption) error
}
// Event is the object returned by the broker when you subscribe to a topic
type Event struct {
// ID to uniquely identify the event
ID string
// Topic of event, e.g. "registry.service.created"
Topic string
// Timestamp of the event
Timestamp time.Time
// Metadata contains the encoded event was indexed by
Metadata map[string]string
// Payload contains the encoded message
Payload []byte
}
// Unmarshal the events message into an object
func (e *Event) Unmarshal(v interface{}) error {
return json.Unmarshal(e.Payload, v)
}

181
events/memory/memory.go Normal file
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package memory
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/google/uuid"
"github.com/micro/go-micro/v3/events"
"github.com/micro/go-micro/v3/logger"
"github.com/micro/go-micro/v3/store"
"github.com/micro/go-micro/v3/store/memory"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
)
// NewStream returns an initialized memory stream
func NewStream(opts ...Option) (events.Stream, error) {
// parse the options
var options Options
for _, o := range opts {
o(&options)
}
if options.Store == nil {
options.Store = memory.NewStore()
}
return &mem{store: options.Store}, nil
}
type subscriber struct {
Queue string
Topic string
Channel chan events.Event
}
type mem struct {
store store.Store
subs []*subscriber
sync.RWMutex
}
func (m *mem) Publish(topic string, opts ...events.PublishOption) error {
// validate the topic
if len(topic) == 0 {
return events.ErrMissingTopic
}
// parse the options
options := events.PublishOptions{
Timestamp: time.Now(),
}
for _, o := range opts {
o(&options)
}
// encode the message if it's not already encoded
var payload []byte
if p, ok := options.Payload.([]byte); ok {
payload = p
} else {
p, err := json.Marshal(options.Payload)
if err != nil {
return events.ErrEncodingMessage
}
payload = p
}
// construct the event
event := &events.Event{
ID: uuid.New().String(),
Topic: topic,
Timestamp: options.Timestamp,
Metadata: options.Metadata,
Payload: payload,
}
// serialize the event to bytes
bytes, err := json.Marshal(event)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "Error encoding event")
}
// write to the store
key := fmt.Sprintf("%v/%v", event.Topic, event.ID)
if err := m.store.Write(&store.Record{Key: key, Value: bytes}); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "Error writing event to store")
}
// send to the subscribers async
go m.handleEvent(event)
return nil
}
func (m *mem) Subscribe(opts ...events.SubscribeOption) (<-chan events.Event, error) {
// parse the options
options := events.SubscribeOptions{
Queue: uuid.New().String(),
}
for _, o := range opts {
o(&options)
}
// setup the subscriber
sub := &subscriber{
Channel: make(chan events.Event),
Topic: options.Topic,
Queue: options.Queue,
}
// register the subscriber
m.Lock()
m.subs = append(m.subs, sub)
m.Unlock()
// lookup previous events if the start time option was passed
if options.StartAtTime.Unix() > 0 {
go m.lookupPreviousEvents(sub, options.StartAtTime)
}
// return the channel
return sub.Channel, nil
}
// lookupPreviousEvents finds events for a subscriber which occured before a given time and sends
// them into the subscribers channel
func (m *mem) lookupPreviousEvents(sub *subscriber, startTime time.Time) {
var prefix string
if len(sub.Topic) > 0 {
prefix = sub.Topic + "/"
}
// lookup all events which match the topic (a blank topic will return all results)
recs, err := m.store.Read(prefix, store.ReadPrefix())
if err != nil && logger.V(logger.ErrorLevel, logger.DefaultLogger) {
logger.Errorf("Error looking up previous events: %v", err)
return
} else if err != nil {
return
}
// loop through the records and send it to the channel if it matches
for _, r := range recs {
var ev events.Event
if err := json.Unmarshal(r.Value, &ev); err != nil {
continue
}
if ev.Timestamp.Unix() < startTime.Unix() {
continue
}
sub.Channel <- ev
}
}
// handleEvents sends the event to any registered subscribers.
func (m *mem) handleEvent(ev *events.Event) {
m.RLock()
subs := m.subs
m.RUnlock()
// filteredSubs is a KV map of the queue name and subscribers. This is used to prevent a message
// being sent to two subscribers with the same queue.
filteredSubs := map[string]*subscriber{}
// filter down to subscribers who are interested in this topic
for _, sub := range subs {
if len(sub.Topic) == 0 || sub.Topic == ev.Topic {
filteredSubs[sub.Queue] = sub
}
}
// send the message to each channel async (since one channel might be blocked)
for _, sub := range subs {
go func(s *subscriber) {
s.Channel <- *ev
}(sub)
}
}

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package memory
import (
"sync"
"testing"
"time"
"github.com/google/uuid"
"github.com/micro/go-micro/v3/events"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)
type testPayload struct {
Message string
}
func TestStream(t *testing.T) {
stream, err := NewStream()
assert.Nilf(t, err, "NewStream should not return an error")
assert.NotNilf(t, stream, "NewStream should return a stream object")
// TestMissingTopic will test the topic validation on publish
t.Run("TestMissingTopic", func(t *testing.T) {
err := stream.Publish("")
assert.Equalf(t, err, events.ErrMissingTopic, "Publishing to a blank topic should return an error")
})
// TestFirehose will publish a message to the test topic. The subscriber will subscribe to the
// firehose topic (indicated by a lack of the topic option).
t.Run("TestFirehose", func(t *testing.T) {
payload := &testPayload{Message: "HelloWorld"}
metadata := map[string]string{"foo": "bar"}
// create the subscriber
evChan, err := stream.Subscribe()
assert.Nilf(t, err, "Subscribe should not return an error")
// setup the subscriber async
var wg sync.WaitGroup
go func() {
timeout := time.NewTimer(time.Millisecond * 250)
select {
case event, _ := <-evChan:
assert.NotNilf(t, event, "The message was nil")
assert.Equal(t, event.Metadata, metadata, "Metadata didn't match")
var result testPayload
err = event.Unmarshal(&result)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Error decoding result")
assert.Equal(t, result, *payload, "Payload didn't match")
wg.Done()
case <-timeout.C:
t.Fatalf("Event was not recieved")
}
}()
err = stream.Publish("test",
events.WithPayload(payload),
events.WithMetadata(metadata),
)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Publishing a valid message should not return an error")
wg.Add(1)
// wait for the subscriber to recieve the message or timeout
wg.Wait()
})
// TestSubscribeTopic will publish a message to the test topic. The subscriber will subscribe to the
// same test topic.
t.Run("TestSubscribeTopic", func(t *testing.T) {
payload := &testPayload{Message: "HelloWorld"}
metadata := map[string]string{"foo": "bar"}
// create the subscriber
evChan, err := stream.Subscribe(events.WithTopic("test"))
assert.Nilf(t, err, "Subscribe should not return an error")
// setup the subscriber async
var wg sync.WaitGroup
go func() {
timeout := time.NewTimer(time.Millisecond * 250)
select {
case event, _ := <-evChan:
assert.NotNilf(t, event, "The message was nil")
assert.Equal(t, event.Metadata, metadata, "Metadata didn't match")
var result testPayload
err = event.Unmarshal(&result)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Error decoding result")
assert.Equal(t, result, *payload, "Payload didn't match")
wg.Done()
case <-timeout.C:
t.Fatalf("Event was not recieved")
}
}()
err = stream.Publish("test",
events.WithPayload(payload),
events.WithMetadata(metadata),
)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Publishing a valid message should not return an error")
wg.Add(1)
// wait for the subscriber to recieve the message or timeout
wg.Wait()
})
// TestSubscribeQueue will publish a message to a random topic. Two subscribers will then consume
// the message from the firehose topic with different queues. The second subscriber will be registered
// after the message is published to test durability.
t.Run("TestSubscribeQueue", func(t *testing.T) {
topic := uuid.New().String()
payload := &testPayload{Message: "HelloWorld"}
metadata := map[string]string{"foo": "bar"}
// create the first subscriber
evChan1, err := stream.Subscribe(events.WithTopic(topic))
assert.Nilf(t, err, "Subscribe should not return an error")
// setup the subscriber async
var wg sync.WaitGroup
go func() {
timeout := time.NewTimer(time.Millisecond * 250)
select {
case event, _ := <-evChan1:
assert.NotNilf(t, event, "The message was nil")
assert.Equal(t, event.Metadata, metadata, "Metadata didn't match")
var result testPayload
err = event.Unmarshal(&result)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Error decoding result")
assert.Equal(t, result, *payload, "Payload didn't match")
wg.Done()
case <-timeout.C:
t.Fatalf("Event was not recieved")
}
}()
err = stream.Publish(topic,
events.WithPayload(payload),
events.WithMetadata(metadata),
)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Publishing a valid message should not return an error")
wg.Add(2)
// create the second subscriber
evChan2, err := stream.Subscribe(
events.WithTopic(topic),
events.WithQueue("second_queue"),
events.WithStartAtTime(time.Now().Add(time.Minute*-1)),
)
assert.Nilf(t, err, "Subscribe should not return an error")
go func() {
timeout := time.NewTimer(time.Millisecond * 250)
select {
case event, _ := <-evChan2:
assert.NotNilf(t, event, "The message was nil")
assert.Equal(t, event.Metadata, metadata, "Metadata didn't match")
var result testPayload
err = event.Unmarshal(&result)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Error decoding result")
assert.Equal(t, result, *payload, "Payload didn't match")
wg.Done()
case <-timeout.C:
t.Fatalf("Event was not recieved")
}
}()
// wait for the subscriber to recieve the message or timeout
wg.Wait()
})
}

18
events/memory/options.go Normal file
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package memory
import "github.com/micro/go-micro/v3/store"
// Options which are used to configure the in-memory stream
type Options struct {
Store store.Store
}
// Option is a function which configures options
type Option func(o *Options)
// Store sets the store to use
func Store(s store.Store) Option {
return func(o *Options) {
o.Store = s
}
}

154
events/nats/nats.go Normal file
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package nats
import (
"encoding/json"
"time"
"github.com/google/uuid"
stan "github.com/nats-io/stan.go"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
"github.com/micro/go-micro/v3/events"
"github.com/micro/go-micro/v3/logger"
)
const (
defaultClusterID = "micro"
eventsTopic = "events"
)
// NewStream returns an initialized nats stream or an error if the connection to the nats
// server could not be established
func NewStream(opts ...Option) (events.Stream, error) {
// parse the options
options := Options{
ClientID: uuid.New().String(),
ClusterID: defaultClusterID,
}
for _, o := range opts {
o(&options)
}
// pass the address as an option if it was set
var cOpts []stan.Option
if len(options.Address) > 0 {
cOpts = append(cOpts, stan.NatsURL(options.Address))
}
// connect to the cluster
conn, err := stan.Connect(options.ClusterID, options.ClientID, cOpts...)
if err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "Error connecting to nats")
}
return &stream{conn}, nil
}
type stream struct {
conn stan.Conn
}
// Publish a message to a topic
func (s *stream) Publish(topic string, opts ...events.PublishOption) error {
// validate the topic
if len(topic) == 0 {
return events.ErrMissingTopic
}
// parse the options
options := events.PublishOptions{
Timestamp: time.Now(),
}
for _, o := range opts {
o(&options)
}
// encode the message if it's not already encoded
var payload []byte
if p, ok := options.Payload.([]byte); ok {
payload = p
} else {
p, err := json.Marshal(options.Payload)
if err != nil {
return events.ErrEncodingMessage
}
payload = p
}
// construct the event
event := &events.Event{
ID: uuid.New().String(),
Topic: topic,
Timestamp: options.Timestamp,
Metadata: options.Metadata,
Payload: payload,
}
// serialize the event to bytes
bytes, err := json.Marshal(event)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "Error encoding event")
}
// publish the event to the events channel
if _, err := s.conn.PublishAsync(eventsTopic, bytes, nil); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "Error publishing message to events")
}
// publish the event to the topic's channel
if _, err := s.conn.PublishAsync(event.Topic, bytes, nil); err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "Error publishing message to topic")
}
return nil
}
// Subscribe to a topic
func (s *stream) Subscribe(opts ...events.SubscribeOption) (<-chan events.Event, error) {
// parse the options
options := events.SubscribeOptions{
Topic: eventsTopic,
Queue: uuid.New().String(),
}
for _, o := range opts {
o(&options)
}
// setup the subscriber
c := make(chan events.Event)
handleMsg := func(m *stan.Msg) {
// decode the message
var evt events.Event
if err := json.Unmarshal(m.Data, &evt); err != nil {
if logger.V(logger.ErrorLevel, logger.DefaultLogger) {
logger.Errorf("Error decoding message: %v", err)
}
// not ackknowledging the message is the way to indicate an error occured
return
}
// push onto the channel and wait for the consumer to take the event off before we acknowledge it.
c <- evt
if err := m.Ack(); err != nil && logger.V(logger.ErrorLevel, logger.DefaultLogger) {
logger.Errorf("Error acknowledging message: %v", err)
}
}
// setup the options
subOpts := []stan.SubscriptionOption{
stan.DurableName(options.Topic),
stan.SetManualAckMode(),
}
if options.StartAtTime.Unix() > 0 {
stan.StartAtTime(options.StartAtTime)
}
// connect the subscriber
_, err := s.conn.QueueSubscribe(options.Topic, options.Queue, handleMsg, subOpts...)
if err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "Error subscribing to topic")
}
return c, nil
}

200
events/nats/nats_test.go Normal file
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package nats
import (
"net"
"os/exec"
"sync"
"testing"
"time"
"github.com/google/uuid"
"github.com/micro/go-micro/v3/events"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)
type testPayload struct {
Message string
}
func TestStream(t *testing.T) {
_, err := exec.LookPath("nats-streaming-server")
if err != nil {
t.Skipf("Skipping nats test, nats-streaming-server binary is not detected")
}
conn, err := net.DialTimeout("tcp", ":4222", time.Millisecond*100)
if err != nil {
t.Skipf("Skipping nats test, could not connect to cluster on port 4222: %v", err)
}
if err := conn.Close(); err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Error closing test tcp connection to nats cluster")
}
stream, err := NewStream(ClusterID("test-cluster"))
assert.Nilf(t, err, "NewStream should not return an error")
assert.NotNilf(t, stream, "NewStream should return a stream object")
// TestMissingTopic will test the topic validation on publish
t.Run("TestMissingTopic", func(t *testing.T) {
err := stream.Publish("")
assert.Equalf(t, err, events.ErrMissingTopic, "Publishing to a blank topic should return an error")
})
// TestFirehose will publish a message to the test topic. The subscriber will subscribe to the
// firehose topic (indicated by a lack of the topic option).
t.Run("TestFirehose", func(t *testing.T) {
payload := &testPayload{Message: "HelloWorld"}
metadata := map[string]string{"foo": "bar"}
// create the subscriber
evChan, err := stream.Subscribe()
assert.Nilf(t, err, "Subscribe should not return an error")
// setup the subscriber async
var wg sync.WaitGroup
go func() {
timeout := time.NewTimer(time.Millisecond * 250)
select {
case event, _ := <-evChan:
assert.NotNilf(t, event, "The message was nil")
assert.Equal(t, event.Metadata, metadata, "Metadata didn't match")
var result testPayload
err = event.Unmarshal(&result)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Error decoding result")
assert.Equal(t, result, *payload, "Payload didn't match")
wg.Done()
case <-timeout.C:
t.Fatalf("Event was not recieved")
}
}()
err = stream.Publish("test",
events.WithPayload(payload),
events.WithMetadata(metadata),
)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Publishing a valid message should not return an error")
wg.Add(1)
// wait for the subscriber to recieve the message or timeout
wg.Wait()
})
// TestSubscribeTopic will publish a message to the test topic. The subscriber will subscribe to the
// same test topic.
t.Run("TestSubscribeTopic", func(t *testing.T) {
payload := &testPayload{Message: "HelloWorld"}
metadata := map[string]string{"foo": "bar"}
// create the subscriber
evChan, err := stream.Subscribe(events.WithTopic("test"))
assert.Nilf(t, err, "Subscribe should not return an error")
// setup the subscriber async
var wg sync.WaitGroup
go func() {
timeout := time.NewTimer(time.Millisecond * 250)
select {
case event, _ := <-evChan:
assert.NotNilf(t, event, "The message was nil")
assert.Equal(t, event.Metadata, metadata, "Metadata didn't match")
var result testPayload
err = event.Unmarshal(&result)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Error decoding result")
assert.Equal(t, result, *payload, "Payload didn't match")
wg.Done()
case <-timeout.C:
t.Fatalf("Event was not recieved")
}
}()
err = stream.Publish("test",
events.WithPayload(payload),
events.WithMetadata(metadata),
)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Publishing a valid message should not return an error")
wg.Add(1)
// wait for the subscriber to recieve the message or timeout
wg.Wait()
})
// TestSubscribeQueue will publish a message to a random topic. Two subscribers will then consume
// the message from the firehose topic with different queues. The second subscriber will be registered
// after the message is published to test durability.
t.Run("TestSubscribeQueue", func(t *testing.T) {
topic := uuid.New().String()
payload := &testPayload{Message: "HelloWorld"}
metadata := map[string]string{"foo": "bar"}
// create the first subscriber
evChan1, err := stream.Subscribe(events.WithTopic(topic))
assert.Nilf(t, err, "Subscribe should not return an error")
// setup the subscriber async
var wg sync.WaitGroup
go func() {
timeout := time.NewTimer(time.Millisecond * 250)
select {
case event, _ := <-evChan1:
assert.NotNilf(t, event, "The message was nil")
assert.Equal(t, event.Metadata, metadata, "Metadata didn't match")
var result testPayload
err = event.Unmarshal(&result)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Error decoding result")
assert.Equal(t, result, *payload, "Payload didn't match")
wg.Done()
case <-timeout.C:
t.Fatalf("Event was not recieved")
}
}()
err = stream.Publish(topic,
events.WithPayload(payload),
events.WithMetadata(metadata),
)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Publishing a valid message should not return an error")
wg.Add(2)
// create the second subscriber
evChan2, err := stream.Subscribe(
events.WithTopic(topic),
events.WithQueue("second_queue"),
events.WithStartAtTime(time.Now().Add(time.Minute*-1)),
)
assert.Nilf(t, err, "Subscribe should not return an error")
go func() {
timeout := time.NewTimer(time.Millisecond * 250)
select {
case event, _ := <-evChan2:
assert.NotNilf(t, event, "The message was nil")
assert.Equal(t, event.Metadata, metadata, "Metadata didn't match")
var result testPayload
err = event.Unmarshal(&result)
assert.Nil(t, err, "Error decoding result")
assert.Equal(t, result, *payload, "Payload didn't match")
wg.Done()
case <-timeout.C:
t.Fatalf("Event was not recieved")
}
}()
// wait for the subscriber to recieve the message or timeout
wg.Wait()
})
}

32
events/nats/options.go Normal file
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package nats
// Options which are used to configure the nats stream
type Options struct {
ClusterID string
ClientID string
Address string
}
// Option is a function which configures options
type Option func(o *Options)
// ClusterID sets the cluster id for the nats connection
func ClusterID(id string) Option {
return func(o *Options) {
o.ClusterID = id
}
}
// ClientID sets the client id for the nats connection
func ClientID(id string) Option {
return func(o *Options) {
o.ClientID = id
}
}
// Address of the nats cluster
func Address(addr string) Option {
return func(o *Options) {
o.Address = addr
}
}

140
events/options.go Normal file
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package events
import "time"
// PublishOptions contains all the options which can be provided when publishing an event
type PublishOptions struct {
// Metadata contains any keys which can be used to query the data, for example a customer id
Metadata map[string]string
// Payload contains any additonal data which is relevent to the event but does not need to be
// indexed such as structured data
Payload interface{}
// Timestamp to set for the event, if the timestamp is a zero value, the current time will be used
Timestamp time.Time
}
// PublishOption sets attributes on PublishOptions
type PublishOption func(o *PublishOptions)
// WithMetadata sets the Metadata field on PublishOptions
func WithMetadata(md map[string]string) PublishOption {
return func(o *PublishOptions) {
o.Metadata = md
}
}
// WithPayload sets the payload field on PublishOptions
func WithPayload(p interface{}) PublishOption {
return func(o *PublishOptions) {
o.Payload = p
}
}
// WithTimestamp sets the timestamp field on PublishOptions
func WithTimestamp(t time.Time) PublishOption {
return func(o *PublishOptions) {
o.Timestamp = t
}
}
// SubscribeOptions contains all the options which can be provided when subscribing to a topic
type SubscribeOptions struct {
// Queue is the name of the subscribers queue, if two subscribers have the same queue the message
// should only be published to one of them
Queue string
// Topic to subscribe to, if left blank the consumer will be subscribed to the firehouse topic which
// recieves all events
Topic string
// StartAtTime is the time from which the messages should be consumed from. If not provided then
// the messages will be consumed starting from the moment the Subscription starts.
StartAtTime time.Time
}
// SubscribeOption sets attributes on SubscribeOptions
type SubscribeOption func(o *SubscribeOptions)
// WithQueue sets the Queue fielf on SubscribeOptions to the value provided
func WithQueue(q string) SubscribeOption {
return func(o *SubscribeOptions) {
o.Queue = q
}
}
// WithTopic sets the topic to subscribe to
func WithTopic(t string) SubscribeOption {
return func(o *SubscribeOptions) {
o.Topic = t
}
}
// WithStartAtTime sets the StartAtTime field on SubscribeOptions to the value provided
func WithStartAtTime(t time.Time) SubscribeOption {
return func(o *SubscribeOptions) {
o.StartAtTime = t
}
}
// WriteOptions contains all the options which can be provided when writing an event to a store
type WriteOptions struct {
// TTL is the duration the event should be recorded for, a zero value TTL indicates the event should
// be stored indefinately
TTL time.Duration
}
// WriteOption sets attributes on WriteOptions
type WriteOption func(o *WriteOptions)
// WithTTL sets the TTL attribute on WriteOptions
func WithTTL(d time.Duration) WriteOption {
return func(o *WriteOptions) {
o.TTL = d
}
}
// ReadOptions contains all the options which can be provided when reading events from a store
type ReadOptions struct {
// Topic to read events from, if no topic is provided events from all topics will be returned
Topic string
// Query to filter the results using. The store will query the metadata provided when the event
// was written to the store
Query map[string]string
// Limit the number of results to return
Limit int
// Offset the results by this number, useful for paginated queries
Offset int
}
// ReadOption sets attributes on ReadOptions
type ReadOption func(o *ReadOptions)
// ReadTopic sets the topic attribute on ReadOptions
func ReadTopic(t string) ReadOption {
return func(o *ReadOptions) {
o.Topic = t
}
}
// ReadFilter sets a key and value in the query
func ReadFilter(key, value string) ReadOption {
return func(o *ReadOptions) {
if o.Query == nil {
o.Query = map[string]string{key: value}
} else {
o.Query[key] = value
}
}
}
// ReadLimit sets the limit attribute on ReadOptions
func ReadLimit(l int) ReadOption {
return func(o *ReadOptions) {
o.Limit = 1
}
}
// ReadOffset sets the offset attribute on ReadOptions
func ReadOffset(l int) ReadOption {
return func(o *ReadOptions) {
o.Offset = 1
}
}