# Go Micro [](https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0) [](https://godoc.org/github.com/micro/go-micro) [](https://travis-ci.org/micro/go-micro) [](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/micro/go-micro)
Go Micro is a pluggable RPC framework for **microservices**. It is part of the [Micro](https://github.com/micro/micro) toolkit.
The **Micro** philosophy is sane defaults with a pluggable architecture. We provide defaults to get you started quickly but everything can be easily swapped out. It comes with built in support for {json,proto}-rpc encoding, consul or multicast dns for service discovery, http for communication and random hashed client side load balancing.
Everything in go-micro is **pluggable**. You can find and contribute to plugins at [github.com/micro/go-plugins](https://github.com/micro/go-plugins).
Follow us on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/microhq) or join the [Slack](http://slack.micro.mu/) community.
## Features
Go Micro abstracts away the details of distributed systems. Here are the main features.
- **Service Discovery** - Applications are automatically registered with service discovery so they can find each other.
- **Load Balancing** - Smart client side load balancing is used to balance requests between instances of a service.
- **Synchronous Communication** - Request-response is provided as a bidirectional streaming transport layer.
- **Asynchronous Communication** - Microservices should promote an event driven architecture. Publish and Subscribe semantics are built in.
- **Message Encoding** - Micro services can encode requests in a number of encoding formats and seamlessly decode based on the Content-Type header.
- **RPC Client/Server** - The client and server leverage the above features and provide a clean simple interface for building microservices.
Go Micro supports both the Service and Function programming models. Read on to learn more.
## Docs
For more detailed information on the architecture, installation and use of go-micro checkout the [docs](https://micro.mu/docs).
## Learn By Example
An example service can be found in [**examples/service**](https://github.com/micro/examples/tree/master/service) and function in [**examples/function**](https://github.com/micro/examples/tree/master/function).
The [**examples**](https://github.com/micro/examples) directory contains examples for using things such as middleware/wrappers, selector filters, pub/sub, grpc, plugins and much more. For the complete greeter example look at [**examples/greeter**](https://github.com/micro/examples/tree/master/greeter). Other examples can be found throughout the GitHub repository.
Watch the [Golang UK Conf 2016](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xspaDovwk34) video for a high level overview.
## Getting Started
This is a quick getting started guide with the greeter service example.
### Prereq: Service Discovery
Service discovery is required to resolve services to their addresses.
The default discovery plugin is consul. Discovery is however pluggable so you can use
etcd, kubernetes, zookeeper, etc. Plugins are in [micro/go-plugins](https://github.com/micro/go-plugins).
### Multicast DNS
[Multicast DNS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast_DNS) is a built in service discovery plugin for a zero dependency configuration.
Pass `--registry=mdns` to any command or the enviroment variable MICRO_REGISTRY=mdns
```
go run main.go --registry=mdns
```
### Consul
Here's a quick start for the default service discovery system consul.
**Mac OS**
```
brew install consul
consul agent -dev
```
**Docker**
```
docker run consul
```
[Further installation instructions](https://www.consul.io/intro/getting-started/install.html)
### Run Service
```
go get github.com/micro/examples/service && service
```
Output
```
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Listening on [::]:50137
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Broker Listening on [::]:50138
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Registering node: greeter-ca62b017-e9d3-11e5-9bbb-68a86d0d36b6
```
### Call Service
```
service --run_client
```
Output
```
Hello John
```
## Writing a service
This is a simple greeter RPC service example
Find this example at [examples/service](https://github.com/micro/examples/tree/master/service).
### Create service proto
One of the key requirements of microservices is strongly defined interfaces. Micro uses protobuf to achieve this.
Here we define the Greeter handler with the method Hello. It takes a HelloRequest and HelloResponse both with one string arguments.
```proto
syntax = "proto3";
service Greeter {
rpc Hello(HelloRequest) returns (HelloResponse) {}
}
message HelloRequest {
string name = 1;
}
message HelloResponse {
string greeting = 2;
}
```
### Install protobuf
Install [protobuf](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/)
Now install the micro fork of protoc-gen-go. The protobuf compiler for Go.
```shell
go get github.com/micro/protobuf/{proto,protoc-gen-go}
```
### Generate the proto
After writing the proto definition we must compile it using protoc with the micro plugin.
```shell
protoc -I$GOPATH/src --go_out=plugins=micro:$GOPATH/src \
$GOPATH/src/github.com/micro/examples/service/proto/greeter.proto
```
### Write the service
Below is the code for the greeter service.
It does the following:
1. Implements the interface defined for the Greeter handler
2. Initialises a micro.Service
3. Registers the Greeter handler
4. Runs the service
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
micro "github.com/micro/go-micro"
proto "github.com/micro/examples/service/proto"
"golang.org/x/net/context"
)
type Greeter struct{}
func (g *Greeter) Hello(ctx context.Context, req *proto.HelloRequest, rsp *proto.HelloResponse) error {
rsp.Greeting = "Hello " + req.Name
return nil
}
func main() {
// Create a new service. Optionally include some options here.
service := micro.NewService(
micro.Name("greeter"),
micro.Version("latest"),
)
// Init will parse the command line flags.
service.Init()
// Register handler
proto.RegisterGreeterHandler(service.Server(), new(Greeter))
// Run the server
if err := service.Run(); err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
}
```
### Run service
```
go run examples/service/main.go
```
Output
```
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Listening on [::]:50137
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Broker Listening on [::]:50138
2016/03/14 10:59:14 Registering node: greeter-ca62b017-e9d3-11e5-9bbb-68a86d0d36b6
```
### Define a client
Below is the client code to query the greeter service.
The generated proto includes a greeter client to reduce boilerplate code.
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
micro "github.com/micro/go-micro"
proto "github.com/micro/examples/service/proto"
"golang.org/x/net/context"
)
func main() {
// Create a new service. Optionally include some options here.
service := micro.NewService(micro.Name("greeter.client"))
// Create new greeter client
greeter := proto.NewGreeterClient("greeter", service.Client())
// Call the greeter
rsp, err := greeter.Hello(context.TODO(), &proto.HelloRequest{Name: "John"})
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
// Print response
fmt.Println(rsp.Greeting)
}
```
### Run the client
```shell
go run client.go
```
Output
```
Hello John
```
## Writing a Function
Go Micro includes the Function programming model.
A Function is a one time executing Service which exits after completing a request.
### Defining a Function
```go
package main
import (
proto "github.com/micro/examples/function/proto"
"github.com/micro/go-micro"
"golang.org/x/net/context"
)
type Greeter struct{}
func (g *Greeter) Hello(ctx context.Context, req *proto.HelloRequest, rsp *proto.HelloResponse) error {
rsp.Greeting = "Hello " + req.Name
return nil
}
func main() {
// create a new function
fnc := micro.NewFunction(
micro.Name("go.micro.fnc.greeter"),
)
// init the command line
fnc.Init()
// register a handler
fnc.Handle(new(Greeter))
// run the function
fnc.Run()
}
```
It's that simple.
## How it works
Go Micro is a framework that addresses the fundamental requirements for writing microservices.
Let's dig into the core components.
### Registry
The registry provides a service discovery mechanism to resolve names to addresses. It can be backed by consul, etcd, zookeeper, dns, gossip, etc.
Services should register using the registry on startup and deregister on shutdown. Services can optionally provide an expiry TTL and reregister
on an interval to ensure liveness and that the service is cleaned up if it dies.
### Selector
The selector is a load balancing abstraction which builds on the registry. It allows services to be "filtered" using filter functions and "selected"
using a choice of algorithms such as random, roundrobin, leastconn, etc. The selector is leveraged by the Client when making requests. The client
will use the selector rather than the registry as it provides that built in mechanism of load balancing.
### Transport
The transport is the interface for synchronous request/response communication between services. It's akin to the golang net package but provides
a higher level abstraction which allows us to switch out communication mechanisms e.g http, rabbitmq, websockets, NATS. The transport also
supports bidirectional streaming. This is powerful for client side push to the server.
### Broker
The broker provides an interface to a message broker for asynchronous pub/sub communication. This is one of the fundamental requirements of an event
driven architecture and microservices. By default we use an inbox style point to point HTTP system to minimise the number of dependencies required
to get started. However there are many message broker implementations available in go-plugins e.g RabbitMQ, NATS, NSQ, Google Cloud Pub Sub.
### Codec
The codec is used for encoding and decoding messages before transporting them across the wire. This could be json, protobuf, bson, msgpack, etc.
Where this differs from most other codecs is that we actually support the RPC format here as well. So we have JSON-RPC, PROTO-RPC, BSON-RPC, etc.
It separates encoding from the client/server and provides a powerful method for integrating other systems such as gRPC, Vanadium, etc.
### Server
The server is the building block for writing a service. Here you can name your service, register request handlers, add middeware, etc. The service
builds on the above packages to provide a unified interface for serving requests. The built in server is an RPC system. In the future there maybe
other implementations. The server also allows you to define multiple codecs to serve different encoded messages.
### Client
The client provides an interface to make requests to services. Again like the server, it builds on the other packages to provide a unified interface
for finding services by name using the registry, load balancing using the selector, making synchronous requests with the transport and asynchronous
messaging using the broker.
The above components are combined at the top-level of micro as a **Service**.
## Plugins
By default go-micro only provides a few implementation of each interface at the core but it's completely pluggable. There's already dozens of plugins which are available at [github.com/micro/go-plugins](https://github.com/micro/go-plugins). Contributions are welcome!
### Build with plugins
If you want to integrate plugins simply link them in a separate file and rebuild
Create a plugins.go file
```go
import (
// etcd v3 registry
_ "github.com/micro/go-plugins/registry/etcdv3"
// nats transport
_ "github.com/micro/go-plugins/transport/nats"
// kafka broker
_ "github.com/micro/go-plugins/broker/kafka"
)
```
Build binary
```shell
// For local use
go build -i -o service ./main.go ./plugins.go
```
Flag usage of plugins
```shell
service --registry=etcdv3 --transport=nats --broker=kafka
```
## Other Languages
Check out [ja-micro](https://github.com/Sixt/ja-micro) to write services in Java
## Sponsors
Open source development of Micro is sponsored by Sixt
